A research team led by Cornell University has discovered that smaller fish species are not only more nutritious and lower in mercury but also less vulnerable to overfishing. The study, conducted in the Amazon River, provides insights that have broader implications for biodiversity conservation and public health, as populations of larger fish species decline globally.
The findings, published on January 17 in One Earth, emphasize the environmental and health advantages of consuming smaller fish. The research was authored by Sebastian Heilpern, a postdoctoral fellow at Cornell’s College of Veterinary Medicine, along with colleagues from Brooklyn College and the Wildlife Conservation Society.
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"Fish can offer a nutritious food source at a lower environmental cost compared to other animal products," said Heilpern. "However, they can also expose consumers to mercury contamination, and overfishing harms biodiversity. We wanted to examine these risks and benefits in an integrated way."
The study analyzed 59 fish species in the Amazon River, evaluating their nutritional value, mercury levels, price, and abundance. The team found that smaller, more abundant, and less expensive fish species tended to be more nutritious and contained lower levels of mercury.
Larger fish species, which live longer and consume other contaminated organisms, accumulate higher levels of mercury in their tissues. This issue is particularly severe in the Amazon, where unregulated gold mining contributes to increased mercury contamination in the river system.
Despite the focus on the Amazon, the study’s conclusions are globally relevant. Larger fish, such as goliath catfish, tuna, and salmon, often have higher mercury levels and are more vulnerable to human pressures like overfishing and habitat disruption. Smaller fish species, with their faster reproduction cycles, are less prone to overfishing and often more nutritious due to their micronutrient content, which supports cell growth and metabolism.
The researchers argue for public health campaigns that take a more holistic approach, considering both the nutritional and environmental impacts of eating a diverse range of fish.
"Human food systems are a major driver of biodiversity loss, but biodiversity in our food systems is essential for human nourishment," Heilpern concluded. "This research could help guide more sustainable food practices, benefiting both human health and ecological systems."
